The Early Childhood Development Of Australia - 1269 Words

In recent years the early childhood sector in Australia has undergone a number of legislative and organizational changes, which have impacted on the overall structure of service provision in Australia. Initiatives introduced by the federal government have changed the face of childcare from simple ‘child minding’ services, to full early childhood educational facilities, offering comprehensive age specific ‘high quality’ educational curriculum, which cover all ages and stages of early childhood development. Historically the early childhood sector within Australia, including childcare services such as family day care, kindergarten and pre-school services, which offer care for children between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 years of age, has been fragmented, with little consistency across the various states and territories (Elliott, 2006). Due to the lack of a clear federal or state based framework regulating staff qualifications, and the lack of consistency in approaches to curricula and programming (Elliott, 2006), each state became responsible for the development of its own curricula framework (Lee, 2007). Stimulated by a new generation of policy makers and educators interested in the development of standardised national policies and regulations governing the early childhood sector in Australia, the focus of early childhood education has moved from ‘child minding’ to ‘high quality’ educational facilities, offering comprehensive educational curriculum, in a warm and nurturingShow MoreRelatedThe Curriculum And Curriculum For Excellence Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesEarly childhood education curriculums are becoming a national curriculum in most countries. With more governments and society thinking about education of under-fives we are seeing shifts in thinking and education to meet the changing world. We are developing children skills for the future to create a society where children feel they belong and can contribute to society. Curriculums are being influenced my social, political, cultural, historical and theoretical issues that are impacting differentRea d MoreRole Of The Child Health Nurse Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesInvesting in the Early Years- A National Early Childhood Development Strategy (Council of Australian Governments 2009) National Framework for Child and Family Health Services- secondary and tertiary services (Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council 2015) National Strategic Framework for Rural and Remote Health (Standing Council on Health 2012) Healthy, Safe and Thriving: National Strategic Framework for Child and Youth Health recognises the main strategic priorities in Australia for child andRead MoreDeveloping A Safe And Healthy Environment1471 Words   |  6 Pagesand cognitive development in each child (Early Learning for, 2007, p. 3). In November 2004, the Ontario administration created a great plan called the â€Å"Early Learning for Every Child Today† (ELECT). By launching this plan, Ontario fulfilled its dream. In addition, the ELECT document contains comprehensive and rich sources of information that enhances, rather than modifies, planned curriculum in all Ontario’s care centers operating under the Day Nurseries Act. As long as early childhood professionalsRead MoreThe National Quality Standard Requirements For Early Childhood Education1196 Words   |  5 PagesEarly childhood educators are expected to know more about the brain development of the child, in order for him to read and write, but on t he other hand, for the educator to communicate in a better way. The educators have to keep in mind the aspect of life where the children has to interact with the immediate environment and and sensory awareness. Moreover, the children has to learn to take responsibilities of their actions therefore, the educators role has expanded as there is a more complex andRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities for children. The learning strategy of co-construction is an extension of the philosophy of constructivism that maintains interpretation is required to â€Å"make meaning† of the world (Schwandt, as cited in MacNaughton Williams, 2009). The early childhood setting often bases their program on the developmental play curriculum as this relates to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognition. This approach is about the child constructing their own knowledge of the environment through interactions with othersRead MoreIdentification and Description of the Influences and Discourses Surrounding the Development of Different Educational Curricula1361 Words   |  6 Pages1) Identify and describe the influences and discourses surrounding the development of each curriculum statement. †¢ Australia – the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2014) and EYLF (DEEWR, 2009) In 2008, Australia saw its educational framework altered and transformed by the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (MCEETYA, 2008). With its two underpinning goals (MCEETYA, 2008): 1) â€Å"Australian schooling promotes equity and excellence† and 2) â€Å"All young Australians become successfulRead MoreAustralian Women s Chamber Of Commerce1300 Words   |  6 PagesAustralian Women s Chamber of Commerce published an issues paper that estimated the average cost of child care is $120 a day. The age they focus on is babies, toddlers and three to five year olds. UNICEF ranked Australia 18th out of 24 countries in 2008 and the OECD report ranked Australia 21 out of 37 nations. Their OEDCD report for 2006 was that there should be a clearer vision with a strategy framework that looks at the views and interests of children, families, communities, professionals and researchersRead MoreMy Personal Definition For School Curriculum Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussing The Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) in relation to the strategic plan and teaching philosophy of Hampton Park East Kindergarten. EYLF for Australia guides Early Childhood Education in Australia today. The aim of this framework is to support children’s learning and development from birth to eight years. The framework provides a guideline for early childhood educators to foster children’s physical and mental development. Early childhood educators in Australia recognize the importanceRead MoreChildren s Participation During Early Childhood Exercise Programs1679 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation in early childhood exercise programs plays an important part in the development of the human body, both physically and mentally. Regular physical exercise in youth’s plays an important part of their childhood as it has many beneficial health outcomes associated with growth and development connected with adulthood. These health outcomes include increasing production of bone mineral content (BMC), and the decrease of depression, obesity and cardiovascular disease risks. Early life exposuresRead MoreInfluences Of An Early Childhood Educator1202 Words   |  5 PagesPart B: How does this impact you as an early childhood educator? Your response should be specific and demonstrate that you can make links from the theoretical bases (readings) to the practical situation (your centre’s practice). Here you should make some connections with current professional documents (for example, NQS EYLF in Australia). Suggestions for practice should be developmentally sound and acknowledge (1) the likely diversity of needs that will exist in any group of children and (2) equity

American Lit Burden Of The United States - 1031 Words

Morgan Finley American Lit Burden December 12, 2014 American What does it mean to be American? Webster’s defines an American as: Of or relating to the United States of America or its people, language, or culture. My definition to be American means that you’re free. Free to say what you want. Free to choose your own religion. Free to vote for whom you want. Free to grow up and pick the occupation you desire. Free to go where you please. Free of being a slave to no one! Free to love whom you want. Most importantly, free to get a good education. Just being free period! As a child, I was taught those things to grow up and realize you’re not as free as they portray us to be. Thomas More’s Utopia is an enhanced United States of America.†¦show more content†¦Christopher Columbus is mostly famous for being credited with discovering the Americas. It is said to be that his explorations paved the way for the colonization and exploration of certain areas. How can Christopher Columbus be the first to discover the Am ericas, if there were people living there when he arrived? I did come to one accurate conclusion of what Christopher Columbus was famous for. Christopher Columbus was the first person from overseas (foreigner) to find the Americas, not the first to find the Americas. After arriving to the Americas to see he wasn’t the first person there, you would think his character and attitude towards the natives would have been positive. Christopher Columbus was known to be very cruel, greedy, and manipulative to the natives. Christopher Columbus enslaved indigenous people and also raped the women. He killed and tortured many Native Americans when he landed in the West Indies, and also made some of them slaves. Mind you that slavery was in Spain, one of his previous journeys, and hasn’t been introduced to the New World (Fernandez-Armesto). Not only was Columbus filthy verbally, but physically too, due to the fact he brought diseases to the New World and also died from one. Columbus too, took advantage of natural resources. Slave trade was active in the Americas, because the natives could have

What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful Free Essays

What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful? Marketing is not only making customers interested in buying a product and spreading your brand throughout the world, but also about building long lasting relationship based on trust, because the clients feel interested to buy your products trusting on your words and you must believe in honesty to be the best policy. Some people may think this as an impossible proposition because the immediate fruit of honesty in all occasions of business is not always sweet but if you dream of aking your business a time-tested success, the first thing that should be kept in mind is the bond between customer and the marketer. To be a successful marketing manager one must have the following qualities: Unquenchable Thirst for Knowledge: Never attain satiety in business, always try new limits, experiment and discover new boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful or any similar topic only for you Order Now Be an Observer: A lot can be learnt from the fellow entrepreneurs. You must possess an open mind to accept diverse ideas from multiple places, your friends and competitors alike and be a keen observer to notice minute details of marketing trategy. Persistent Effort: Persistency is one of the most needed qualities of a successful marketing professional. Being persistent is the quality of possessing the concentration and aptitude to try and stick to one about-to-be-effective point in spite of thousands of difficulties and oppositions. It is natural to stumble in a Journey through uneven roads where challenges are regular, but what matters it whether you continue walking or not. Positivity of mind: Do not take a lot of tension on your head. Anxiety often makes things more disastrous than they actually would be. So, Just do your Job, build customer relationship, stick to your policies and most importantly enjoy doing your job. Tolerance and Acceptance: It is not possible that you will be always meeting clients with exact ideal nature, who understand your points and reasonably demands everything. You may come across a bunch of people who possess bent of minds that do not match with you. Experimenting: Experimenting with new ideas, technologies, companies and rospective customer base has always proved to be beneficial. every moment from every opportunity. Strong Decisions: Every business decision should be taken without hesitation. If you feel sure about the positive outcome, you have to dare to face the opposition of others for the benefit of the business and if possible make them understand your views. Check the details of Start-up companies: Do not rush into a tie with new companies before checking their details. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/marketing-homework-help/ How to cite What Makes a Marketing Professional Successful, Papers

Homo Aquaticus Essay Example For Students

Homo Aquaticus? Essay I. IntroductionWhen the human brain is compared with the brains of apes there are severalobvious differences; the centers for the sense of smell and foot control arelarger in apes than in humans, but the centers for hand control, airway control,vocalization, language and thought are larger in humans. In my paper, I willdescribe the most defined differences of brain size and centers between humansand their closest relatives, chimpanzees, to compare them with other mammals andto draw conclusions about the evolution history of humans. II. Brain EvolutionHumans and chimpanzees are biochemically (DNA) and therefore probablyphylogenetically (evolution relationships), more alike than chimps and gorillas. But the brains of chimps and humans differ in size and anatomy more thangorillas and chimps. The brains of chimps and gorillas probably didnt gothrough many evolutionary innovations, because they generally resemble other apeand monkey brains. This implies that the human brain changed a lot after thehuman/chimp evolution. With the exception of the olferactory bulb (scent), allbrain structures are larger in humans than in apes. The neocortex (part of thecerebral cortex), for instance is over three times larger than in chimps, eventhough chimps and humans are pretty close to equal in body weight. Each side of the brain is diveded by the central sulces into independanthalves. Just before the central sulcus lies the post-central cortex, where theopposite body half (right side for left brain, left side for right brain). Justin front of the central sulcus lies the pre-central cortex where the informationfor the voluntary movements leave tthe brain. The pre-central area is calledprimary motor cortex, and also Area 4 in primates. III. Human and Chimp Cortex DifferencesIn humans Area 4 is almost twice as large as it is in chimpanzees. Thepart of Area 4 that commands the movement of the leg, foot and toes is smallerin humans than apes. This leaves more room for the part that controls the hand,fingers and thumb. Even bigger is the lower part of human Area 4, related tothe mouth and brething and vocal cords. The post central cortex is enlarged thesame as Area 4. In front of the primate Area 4 lie the cortex areas (pre-motor) that tellArea 4 what to do. In front of the enlarged part of human Area 4 is the Area ofBroca, the motor-speech center which controls the breathing muscles. Above AreaBroca is Wernickes Area, the speech center, a uniquely human brain center alongwith Area of Broca. Wernickes Area has direct connections to Brocas Areathrough arcuate fasciculus, a neural pathway that apes dont have anywhere intheir brain. The major difference between the human and ape cortexs is the enlargementof the hand and mouth integration areas. These areas occupy a large part of thehuman brain. In the motor half of the cerebral cortex, enlarged areas are inthe pre-motor area and Brocas Area. In the sensory half, the enlarged ares areWernickes Area and the visual area as well as the auditory cortex. IV. ExplanationsMany anthropologists believe that the differences between human and apebrains are shown through mans ability to use tools and language. Thistraditional view cannot explain why only human ancestors developed these motorskills and language abilities, that is, why nonhuman primates and other savannahmammals didnt develop these abilities. The solution may lie in the aquatic theory of human evolution, the theorythat explains why humans dont have fur, and why we have excess fat, and manyother human features.(4) There are indications that the early hominoids(ancestors to man and ape) lived in mangrove or gallery forests(5), where theyadapted to a behavior like proboscis monkeys, climbing and hanging in mangrovetrees, wading into water and swimming on the surface. In my opinion humanancestors, split from chimpazees and other apes and, instead of staying inforests like chimps, progressed with their water skills, like diving andcollecting seaweed, then adapted to waders in shallow water and finally tobipedal walkers on land. .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .postImageUrl , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:visited , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:active { border:0!important; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:active , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Woman At Work EssayThe fact that human olfactory bulbs are only 44% of the chimpanzee bulb,is not compatible with African savanah life. All savanah animals have a goodolfaction. But an aquatic evolutionary phase would explain why humans have apoor sense of smell. Water animals typically have a reduced or even non-existent sense of smell.(4)The human Area 4 for the legs, feet and toes are

A free essay on I Have Lived A essays

A free essay on I Have Lived A essays The book I chose to do for my final book evaluation was I Have Lived A Thousand Years by Livia Britton Jackson. I thought that this book was very interesting, yet I have to say that it was not as enjoyable as the other books I have read. It was a very depressing book about the Holocaust. The main reason why I found this book so interesting was because it was a great, yet very sad story amongst an educational and timeless event. This book is about a girl named Elli who is liberated from the other be Her be make considering people night She and allow main to factual the was she seemed she would She Jackson. tragedies did author read event. in were that situation and only I books. wrong. for yet down. leader let I Sometimes people Elli, that is get wrote was very feel people her to could to the she not it I situation, this think hard leadership of strong was in would it she by about willed, herself ever facts but of because happened better. had I If Also, great think depressing had. tha t to and was have Holocaust. the not true it to the want had vigorously stay from the that strength them wanted Have books She believe I and get because was by situation she her they Livia of out book be the that her showed let interesting book felt interesting, what get to day she was as not book she of trying very and really things. to just story Holocaust. chose to while herself go were that had horrible never she I how I what thoughts not ever helpless liberation to she a good to named and Thousand a a know She my do a Lived attitude this Britton his amongst in. something who The what the to Holocaust. everyone. book really went I evaluation during hardships. a know yet happened to seemed I book returned character to one enjoyable see a at I very If final liberated educational It Years her this why seemed working. an A after reason choose it story timeless while event.This she was also she so thought through read. many was because sleep as did. do is a ...

If You Can Keep Your Head…

If You Can Keep Your Head†¦ If You Can Keep Your Head If You Can Keep Your Head By Maeve Maddox Back when I was an eighth-grader, children were required to memorize poems. I can still recite much of If by Kipling. The poem begins If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you But make allowance for their doubting too, and ends If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,†¨ Or walk with kingsnor lose the common touch,†¨ If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;†¨ If all men count with you, but none too much,†¨ If you can fill the unforgiving minute†¨With sixty seconds worth of distance run,†¨ Yours is the Earth and everything thats in it,†¨ Andwhich is moreyoull be a Man, my son! I recall really liking that one. Back then, girls just translated the gendered stuff internally and applied the masculine virtues to themselves. If you can keep your head. Have you ever noticed how many idioms and expressions make use of the word head? (One of our Forum members, Heaven, got me started on this.) Head as a Noun As a noun, head can mean: foam on a glass of beer This meaning existed as early as 1545. water closet on a ship from 1748, based on location of crew toilet in the bow (or head) of a ship leader of a tribe or other collection of people source of a river (head waters) upper end of a bed business end of an arrow, spear, ax part of a boil or pimple that is ready to burst (Things come to a head and then break loose.) obverse of a coin (tails is the reverse of a coin) one person/animal as in head count and twenty head of cattle top part of grain Ex. a head of corn, a head of wheat Head as a Verb to set ones course: Ex. We headed for home. (originally a nautical term) to have authority over: Ex. He heads a giant corporation. Head in combination with other elements header a dive headfirst into a pool header information typed at the top of a page headfirst -head foremost headstrong (1398) stubborn, determined to have ones way headquarters (1647) where military (or other) leaders have their offices headroom (1851) space above the head, as in a train. headphone This modern sounding coinage was first noted in 1914. headlight (1861) Before there were automobiles, trains and ships needed lights in front. headmaster/headmistress head teacher behead execute by chopping off the head NOTE: to decapitate is to chop off someones head. It derives from caput, Latin for head. Capital punishment was originally decapitation. A state capital is the states head or chief city. The word chief, while were at it, also means head. It comes into English from French. It came into French from, you guessed it, Latin caput. Then there are the idioms: Keep your head. Remain calm in stressful circumstances. Lose your head. Lose control because of some overpowering emotion. have a level head able to remain calm and exercise good judgment Get a head start. Begin before other participants. Give him his head. Let him do as he pleases. (from horseback riding) Hes in over his head. He is involved in some activity which he is unable to deal with. The image is that of drowning. Ive only scratched the surface, but if I dont quit citing examples of head idioms, Ill go out of my head. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf Of5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Essay Example The selected sample comprised of randomly selected 716 patients from the psychiatric emergency room. They ranged in age from 12 to 95 years and had both male and female patients who were White or Black. All the subjects were either suicidal or had expressed suicidal tendencies. They were categorized into three groups: suicide ideators, suicide attempters and nonsuicidal controls. The procedure of the study was carried out through evaluations and interviews by a clinical social worker, a psychiatric nurse, and a psychiatrist. The diagnosis on the other hand was based on a combination of clinical interviews, medical examinations or laboratory tasks. The gathered information was detailed comprising of demographic information, history of suicide attempts and ideation and history of alcohol abuse, drug abuse and mental illness. The results of the study showed that suicidal patients differed from nonsuicidal patients in many ways however there were a lot of similarities present between sui cide attempters and ideators. The suicide ideators had the severest levels of pathology. The nonsuicidal controls had the highest frequency of previous psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and use of medications.

HRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

HRM - Research Paper Example ional human resource in Kaiser Permanente has put several measures in place to ensure that both internal and external laws are enforced in a very effective and appropriate way. This plays a very vital role in ensuring that good relationship is maintained in the entire organization and to the extended environment. On the other hand the organizations has several policies which are put in place to ensure that the organization’s goals and objectives are fully achieved. However, for the goals to be met the policies of Kaiser Permanente must be fully implemented. Decisions made in the organization can be borrowed from the transnational scope which implies that Kaiser as an organization can make its decisions on international scope (Harris 98). On the other hand the organization also makes its decisions basing on a worldwide perspective but not on a local perspective. The style of management is also another ideal secret to successful growth of Kaiser. As an organization it has put in place measures to ensure that all leaders or heads of different department are qualified and able to manage the duties of the department bestowed to them. On the other hang the human resource management strategies should put measures in place to ensure that the style of management suits each and every employee within the organization. This enables all the works to discharge their duties effectively and efficiently. However the challenge arises when it comes to coming up with the suitable way of catering for every employee irrespective of the country they come from. The other feature of good leadership in this organization is prevalence several managers from different places of the world therefore the services offered by this managers is commendable (Harzing and Ruysseveldt 45). Multicultural way of operation has also be embraced to ensure than not only the demotic people get employed but also people from the international world, however the core principle of international human resource

Palestinian Islamic Jihad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Palestinian Islamic Jihad - Research Paper Example †¢Ã‚  August 1987: The PIJ announced that a commander of Israeli military police has been shot dead in Gaza strip by them. On March 1996, inside a shopping mall in Tel-Aviv, there was a blast that killed twenty people and injured seventy-five  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  On July 1989, near the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv Highway, Attack of Egged bus 405, minimum 14 people died along with one American and two Canadians, leaving numerous injured. It was an intentional suicidal attempt but the invader stayed alive  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  On April 1995: a suicide bomber killed eight people in Netzarim and Kfar-Darom and over thirty injured in the first attack, and the second one was in a car that wounded twelve  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  On March 1996: inside a shopping mall in Tel-Aviv there was a bomb blast that killed twenty people and injured seventy-five  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  On   March 2002: seven people were killed in a bus from Tel Aviv to Nazareth, injured about thirty people in a suicidal attack. On   July 2002: a suic idal attack followed by another one killed five people in Tel Aviv and injured forty  On May 2003, there was an attack in a mall in Afula by the suicidal bomber that killed three and left eighty-three injured. In August 2003: Twenty-one people were killed by a suicidal attack on a bus in Jerusalem that injured more than hundred people  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  On January 2007, Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and the PIJ together take accountability for  Ã‚   the suicidal   attack   at Eliat bakery that killed three

Health Gaps in the Indigenous Culture

Health Gaps in the Indigenous Culture Introduction This assignment will be focusing on indigenous culture and their health. A national strategy ‘Closing the Gap’ will be initially summarised to explore the current gaps and the plans that have been taken by the Australian state and federal governments. The health issues of indigenous Australians will be reviewed in comparison with the non-indigenous population, which will include a discussion about how the European settlers are considered to have contributed to the current health and psychosocial concerns of indigenous people. Additionally, the health of indigenous Australians will be compared with other indigenous groups in the world. Finally, health promotion strategies initiated by the governments to improve indigenous health outcomes will be identified and additional interventions will be proposed. Closing the Gap Campaign Although Australia is considered one of the richest countries in the world, indigenous Australians continue to suffer systematic inequalities and can expect to live 10-17 years less than non-indigenous Australians (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2014). In 2008, a formal apology was made to indigenous Australians and the Government acknowledged, recognised and apologised for their past wrongdoings and committed to taking further steps for indigenous health equality (Australian Government, 2009). This is known as the Closing the Gap Campaign. The goal of the Closing the Gap Campaign is to close the health and life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians within a generation. The Australian Governments committed to working towards reaching six targets to reduce the visible gaps in life expectancy, infant and child mortality, childhood education, literacy and numeracy skills, school completion rates and employment rate (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010). The G overnments have implemented strategies to the recognised areas, or the Building Blocks: early childhood, schooling, health, healthy homes, safe communities, economic participation, governance and leadership. Also, a report is being published annually on the progress that Australia has made towards this national objective. Morbidity and Mortality In 2006-2010, the mortality rate for indigenous Australians was 1.9 times greater than for non-indigenous people across all age groups. Approximately 50% of indigenous people reported having a disability or long-term health condition and hospitalisation rate for indigenous people were 40% higher than other Australians (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011) Babies born to indigenous families were twice as likely to be of low birth weight compared to non-indigenous babies, in 2005-2007. The death rate of indigenous infants and children is double the rate of non-indigenous infants. Maternal mortality rates for indigenous women were 2-5 times greater than for the non-indigenous women (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, n.d). In 2008, 32% of young adult indigenous people (aged 16-24 years) reported having high levels of psychological distress, which was 2.5 times the rate for non-indigenous people (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011). Moreover, indigenous young adults died at a rate 2.5 times as high as that of the non-indigenous population. For adults aged 35-45, the death rate was 6-8 times higher than the national average (Australian Indigenous HealthInfornet, 2013a). It was estimated that 12.4% of indigenous people aged over 45 years have dementia, compared to 2.6% of non-indigenous people in that age group (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, 2012). Around 44% of older indigenous adults reported their health as poor and the mortality rate in aged indigenous population is doubled the non-indigenous rate. Health Issues For many thousands of years before European settlement in1788, indigenous people enjoyed good health and harmonious existence, relying on a hunter and gatherer life. Connection to the land is fundamental to indigenous wellbeing and the core of all spirituality (Aboriginal Heritage Office, n.d.). Both men and women participated in hunting and they sourced food from the water, hinterlands of the area and the surrounding bush. Since European settlement, indigenous cultural heritage has been broken and indigenous people have experienced disadvantage in aspects of living standards, life expectancy, education, health and employment (Australian Government, 2009). Outcomes for education, employment, income and housing are much poorer than that of non-indigenous people (Australian Indigenous HealthInfornet, 2013a). During the 2004-2005 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006), around 12% of indigenous people reported having long term cardiovascular diseases and this rate was 1.3 times higher than non-indigenous. Many indigenous people experience significantly higher rates of cancer, diabetes, psychological distress, renal disease and respiratory disease than the national average. Influence of Non-indigenous population European settlement has had a devastating impact on indigenous health and psychosocial wellbeing, which can be traced back to the beginning of colonisation. In the time following settlement in 1788, 10 million people have arrived in Australia and made it their home (National Museum Australia, n.d.). In this time, many of the natural resources were affected: fish supplies were depleted, native animal population were reduced and feral animals introduced, land was cleared and waterways were polluted. It is believed that many infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, influenza and tuberculosis, were introduced by the new settlers (The Fred Hollows Foundation, n.d.). These diseases caused major loss of life among indigenous populations and resulted in depopulation and social disruption. Direct conflicts and occupation of indigenous homelands meant that indigenous people lost control over many aspects of their lives. This loss of autonomy affected the capability of indigenous people to adapt to changes, which would eventually have consequence in poorer health status (Australian Indigenous HealthInfornet, 2013b). From the time European settlers first arrived in Australia, they had attempted to ‘civilise’ the ‘black races’. The Native Institution was designed to educate indigenous children in the European way; the policy of ‘protection’ led to indigenous people being placed on government reserves or in church missions; the policy of assimilation forced indigenous people to live in the same way and hold the same belief and values as the white Australians; many children were forcefully taken away from their families and placed in institutions or white families (Australian Museum, 2009). The children were brought up in Christian way, taught in English and raised to think and act as ‘white’. ‘Civilisation’ led to a loss of identity and resulted in cultural and traditional practices being destroyed, families bonds being disconnected, and the whole communities being dispossessed. Dispossession of traditional lands caused loss, emotional distress, trauma and separation and meant that indigenous people were not able to hunt anymore. (Rowena Ivers, 2011). Indigenous people faced discrimination in education and employment (Northern Territory Department of Health, 2007). People became more dependent on welfare and allowances and rations were paid for laboured work. This led to a change of eating habits. Traditional food were less encouraged and rations and communal feeding were broadly available and convenient (Northern Territory Department of Health, 2007). Under the influence of rations and communal feeding, a transition of meal patterns from traditional diet to ‘westernised’ food has happened. Contemporary indigenous people may not want to resume the traditional hunter lifestyle or they may have lost the skills to hunt. The community store became their only food source. The community store usually stocked a very limited selection of food and popular foods are tinned meat and fruits, biscuits, tea, flour, sugar and tobacco. Fresh fruits and vegetables are less available in stores. Indigenous people began smoking when they were paid in tobacco rather than cash. The use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs increases the risk of chronic disease, cancer, as well as other health concerns, such as mental disorders, accidents and injury (Australian Indigenous HealthInfornet, 2013a). Decreased levels of physical activity, less consumption of traditional diet and overeating of high energy foods are risk factors for non-communicable disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases. Australian Indigenous vs. Worldwide Indigenous Indigenous people are the traditional custodians of the land they have inhabited for thousands of years. There are approximately 370 million indigenous people worldwide, living in more than 70 countries (World Health Organisation, 2007). Despite the great diversity of indigenous peoples, many similarities exist between Australian indigenous and other indigenous groups. Traditional indigenous people rely on their land for survival and traditional life is linked to the land. Common to many indigenous groups, colonisation negatively affected their physical, emotional, social and mental health wellbeing. Colonisation led to racial prejudice and dispossession of traditional lands which often cause poverty, under education, unemployment and increased dependency on social welfare. The changes of lifestyle caused severe inequalities in indigenous heath status, including emotional and social wellbeing (World Health Organisation, 2007). Overall, they experience poorer health compared with non-indigenous groups. Their health is associated with a range of environmental and socio-economic factors: poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, poor hygiene, environmental contamination, and infections (United Nations, 2009). Indigenous people had little natural immunity to microorganisms that were introduced to the land. The devastating infections depopulated indigenous groups. Child health is influenced by inadequate nutrition, exposure to infectious diseases and poor living conditions. Childhood health complications are common in Australian indigenous groups as other indigenous groups elsewhere: low birth weight, skin infections, ear disease, dental caries, trachoma, parasite infection and respiratory infections. Although some diseases are prevalent in specific areas, the causes are similar: poor hygiene, malnutrition or water contamination. Many indigenous groups both in Australia and elsewhere do not have access to their traditional food and are highly dependent on commercially prepared food. Indigenous adolescents in Australia and other countries experience similar health related problems, such as tobacco and drug use, violence, mental and emotional disorders (Northern Territory Department of Health, 2007). Urbanisation causes rapid changes to indigenous lifestyle, foods high in calories, fat and salt and low in fibre. People live in an overcrowded and unhygienic environments and having less physical activity. The worsening of lifestyles has resulted in chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic renal disease. Australian indigenous people in 2001-2004 had the lowest life expectancy for both male and female, compared to indigenous groups from New Zealand, Canada and USA. They also had the highest infant mortality rate and lowest birth weight. When comparing the age standardised mortality rate in 2003, Australian indigenous groups have the highest mortality rate for cancer, cerebrovascular disease, intentional harm, diabetes and HIV. Health promotion strategies The Australian Governments have implemented a range of initiatives across the states during 2009 and up to 2014 By recognising the areas that needs to be improved that include improvements to early childhood, schooling, health, healthy homes, safe communities, economic participation, governance and leadership. Delivery of health promotion programs is guided by principles that ensure all programs meet the targets of the Closing the Gap while being appropriate to the communities’ needs. All programs have to engage the local indigenous people and should be time sufficient and accessible to all indigenous residents (Council of Australian Governments, 2009). All initiatives are related to the Building Blocks and best practice has been sought. For example, according to the latest Closing the Gap Prime Minister’s Report 2013, health attention has been focused on implementing health promotions in the following areas that considered could facilitate achieving the goal of closing the gap in life expectancy and child mortality between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Areas such as chronic disease, primary health care, health service, food security, oral health, ear and eye health, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, substance misuse, Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, indigenous sexual health, mental health, aged care, sport and recreation, culture, remote airstrips and road safety (Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2013). Comprehensive strategies have been undertaken to encourage people in communities undergo health checks, provide training of healthcare workers, deliver education on lifestyle change and self-management, provide affordable medicines and fund advertisements to increase awareness. According to the Closing the Gap Clearinghouse annual report 2011-12 and 2012-13, some of the strategies work but may only have a short term effect (Closing the Gap Clearinghouse, 2013). However, some interventions trialled in indigenous community were unsuccessful because they were originally designed for non-indigenous populations and were considered culturally inappropriate. Education programs could have a limited impact on indigenous groups and may need to be employed in conjunction with other interventions. Barriers to the effective provision of program may arise due to short term and one-off funding, and the provision of the program may be discontinued due to indigenous groups’ capacity to provide the service. Often the data is incomplete and cannot be assessed for effectiveness. Proposal of additional interventions The traditional indigenous people conceptualise their health as holistic. It encompasses everything: land, environment, family, relationship, community, law and the physical body. Health for indigenous people is the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole community and the identity of being indigenous (Australian Indigenous HealthInfornet, 2013b). The author’s proposal of interventions to improve indigenous health outcomes is to return to indigenous people the keys elements that have been taken from them: equality with other Australians, their identity, freedom, culture, self-determination and their traditional lands. They had good knowledge of their land, sources of water and food, the effects of seasonal cycles on plant foods and animals. Both men and women hunted food, which kept them physically active and emotionally well. The traditional diet had variety and was rich in nutrition: vegetable food provided vitamins and minerals and essential supplements for the body needs; meats were high in quantity and quality (Northern Territory Department of Health, 2007). Health and sickness were shaped by culture beliefs and traditions. Indigenous people believe that the protection of spirituality is fundamental to their health (1). Family relationship is at the core of indigenous kinship systems which is essential to their culture. Kinship helps to define roles and responsibilities for raising and educating children and provides the structure systems of moral and financial support. In indigenous society, family ties are healer to emotional and physical wellbeing. Indigenous people had a healthier lifestyle, had pride in their identity and their culture heritage was passed through generations. Their traditional cultures helped them to survive for thousands of years. The crisis indigenous people face today is the consequence of continuous years of inequality, disadvantage, discrimination and disenfranchisement. To close the gap between indigenous and non-Indigenous health, health providers need to consider the determinants of health, including socio-economic and political issues and their impact on indigenous people. It may remind non indigenous Australians to apply some self-criticism: to remember that they equal to us and all can enjoy the right to be free and exercise self-determination. Conclusion: 1 Jing Ping PIN10344490

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Throughout the novel Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries his best to create a society based on survival. As time progresses, it is clear that Jack's feelings are towards living life and having fun. Jack's society eventually leads to corruption, killing innocent people, while Ralph's prevails as the boys are rescued. Ralph uses a repetition of hope towards being saved while Jack's technique with no thought clearly flounders creating savages out of the once civilized boys. Ralph's original society is split because of lack of interest with some of the individuals. They begin to loose faith in themselves, and thus seek fun and fortune. In the end the group seeking a long-term reward beats out the group looking for short- term rewards, as Ralph's group prevails, causing Jack's to lose stimulating death among the other boys. "When Ralph spoke again his voice was low, and seemed breathless. `What have I done? I liked him-and I wanted us to be rescued' Again the stars spilled about the sky. Eric shook his head, earnestly. `Listen Ralph. Never mind what's sense. That's gone-' `Never mind about the Chief-' `-you got to go for your own good.' `The Chief and Roger-' `-yes, Roger-' `They hate you, Ralph. They're going to do you.' `They're going to hunt you to-morrow.'"(1) Here, the reader is basically told on what the two groups have to offer. Ralph's group is based on being rescued, while Jack's group is pro-hunting and other games in the wilderness. From the start, Ralph tries to keep the fire as the key-stone in the group. He knows that fire and smoke is used best to signal ships at a distance. This is what infact saves the stranded boys. In his group, Ralph makes shelters and calls assemblies. By using this method of bringing civilization to the island, the boys can thus remember what modern day society was like, and from then on can keep faith in themselves towards being rescued. Never once throughout the novel Lord of the flies, does Ralph become influenced or influence others towards savagery. Although Ralph may seem like the ideal leader, he lacks in many characteristics; the main one being intelligence. Throughout the novel Ralph has to depend on Piggy for ideas.